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(Category)INTERVIEWS

An Interview with Roger Cardinal, “The Father of Outsider Art” (Part 3)

Table of contents

How to show – What the viewer takes away from each exhibition
To view art is taking down the fence as a bystander and becoming a critic
Viewing art is to find the "blind spot" that exists in every work of art.

(Category)INTERVIEWS

An Interview with Roger Cardinal, “The Father of Outsider Art” (Part 3)

Interviewer: Roger McDonald

[Text ] ISHIDA Eri

[Photograph] Roger McDonald

[ Edit] Arts Initiative Tokyo

This article is a translated version, which was originally published in Japanese language on 27 June, 2017.

Reading time:7 minutes

(Date updated)14 September, 2020

(About this story)

In 1972, British art critic Roger Cardinal translated Jean Dubuffet’s art brut within its specific context and passed on the definition through his book“Outside Art”. Curator Roger McDonald revisits the concept of outsider art through an interview with his former teacher. The last in this series asks what the true meaning of viewing outsider art brings to us and the fundamental experience of art that lies beyond.

Content

Roger Cardinal’s book “Outsider Art” (1972). The front cover artwork is by Adolf Wölfli

How to show – What the viewer takes away from each exhibition

Roger McDonald: In your book “Outsider Art”, more than half of the total pages are devoted to the artist’s biographies placing a strong emphasis on this aspect.

Then what about in the exhibition? What are the backgrounds of the artists and the context in which the works were created? To what extent should this biography be shown in the exhibition with the work? There are strong beliefs that the artist’s background is not necessary for appreciating the artwork, but how were these biographies dealt within the exhibition of outsider art at the Hayward Gallery in London in 1979, after you published your book?

Roger Cardinal: We exhibited the biographies. However, a significant reference was the exhibition in Lausanne, Switzerland in the late 1970s that was based on the extensive body of work donated by Dubuffet. In order to obtain permission for the exhibition and to resolve copywrite issues, Dubuffet spent months negotiating with the local authorities. This resulted in a number of controversies and a successful exhibition.

The venue was a magnificent old castle with a huge barn. How would one show this kind of work in such an environment? In the dark castle, lighting was placed close to the artworks, giving them somewhat a sacred atmosphere.

McDonald: But the exhibition at the Heyward Gallery was held in a white cube space, wasn’t it?

Cardinal: That is correct. The Hayward Gallery had a larger and more flexible space than the old castle. I felt that in the Lausanne show they wanted to show so much work that it became too much for the space.

In the Hayward Gallery we were able have enough space between the artworks and also took on the challenge to show Madge Gill’s⁰¹ 27-meter long drawing. By hanging this huge work from the ceiling, the viewer was immersed in the work because they could not see anything else but the work.

McDonald: What about the lineup of exhibiting artists? What are your thoughts on the development of outsider art, for example, as seen in the 55th Venice Biennale⁰² in 2013, where modern and contemporary artists were mixed in the exhibition with outsider artists?

Cardinal: I believe that this method of integrating different expressions into the exhibition has already been thought of and explored by the Surrealists. The Surrealists organized exhibitions that included both famous and unknown artists, and other art forms such as cave art and environmental art. These experiments made it possible to view art in a new way.

By placing works by Henri Michaux⁰³ and Salvador Dali⁰⁴ next to Pablo Picasso’s,⁰⁵ viewers were able to sense that “something is happening now.” Paintings started to speak to each other, and Surrealism overlapped with other expressive movements such as Art Informel and outsider art.

McDonald: Indeed. If you think about it, the same ideas can be found in movements like the Der Blaue Reiter⁰⁶ in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. They also made exhibitions that mixed different art forms including contemporary art, folk art, paintings by children and mental health patients. The blueprint of what is happening now was already laid out a hundred years ago.

To view art is taking down the fence as a bystander and becoming a critic

McDonald: You mentioned earlier that the “viewer was immersed in the work” of Madge Gill at the exhibition in the Hayward Gallery.I was wondering what your thoughts are on “viewing art.” How do you access the artwork?

Cardinal: When I face an artwork, the first thing I feel is the urge to write. Do you keep a diary? The act of writing down about the art you experienced each time makes anyone a critic. You have to derive words that describes and expresses how you felt.

McDonald: You are saying that the job of the critic is nothing special.

Cardinal: That’s right. How did you feel and what did you think about in front of that work? What’s important is to derive words that describe that special feeling and to understand it yourself. “Intense” is one of my favorite words to describe outsider art, but when you are confronted with an artwork that evokes this “intense” feeling, it is impossible to perfectly express in words the emotions that arise. But can you, in third person, write down those feelings on my behalf?

What I mean by “intense” here is about the focus in the artwork. Outsider artists don’t just sit back in their chairs and say: “I’m finished for today, I’ll work on it tomorrow when I’m more relaxed.” If the viewer is not immersed in the chaos of creation, they will not be able to understand the work and not even about themselves. And many viewers are very timid about expressing such ideas in their own words.

McDonald: In other words, taking down the fence as a bystander and to becoming a critic is what viewing art should be.

Cardinal: Exactly. When the viewer is truly involved in viewing the work, there can also be risks. The risk of identities, egos, and what you believe to be destroyed. For example, in the artist’s world, all the practical troubles of our world are suspended. If we enter this world, we can look back at the real world and judge its flaws from there. Or you can feel satisfied about it. I use the word “intimacy” as a mirror of “intensity.” It is a word to represent the true entry into a world you have chosen to live in and one that you can change.

Outsider art is about creating a different world and letting us know that there are multiple realities other than this one.

Adolf Wölfli created an alternate universe that is not part of this world. What a courageous attempt that was. As you approach Wölfli’s world and find your words, in a sense you are collaborating with what the artist is trying to accomplish.

But you yourself are not present in his mental space. You are projecting yourself into his work. If you have a sensitive imagination, you will be able to see what is going on beyond the aesthetics of colors and form.

Think of the paintings by Wölfli. “That face” is at the center with patterns filling the space around it. The symmetry in Wölfli paintings are not the result of conventional training, but an explosive, violent, blood-gushing miracle. It is what he possesses spiritually laid out on paper.

Viewing outsider art means that you are on the verge of your own revelation. You debate about it, and you get frustrated at its peripheral, constantly searching for pieces of a world that is never fully explained.

Viewing art is to find the "blind spot" that exists in every work of art.

McDonald: Laying down on physical materials like paper what you spiritual possess. I think a good reference to this is traditional ink paintings of the early Song Dynasty in China. The relationship between mind and energy, and between hand, ink, and paper was highly theorized by the Chinese people practicing this style. This relationship between the mental spiritual state and the material output is evident in the ink paintings of this period. It was very important for these artists who lived more than a thousand years ago.

Cardinal: Indeed. Photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson⁰⁷ also addressed this issue. He was interested in the “decisive moment” or the coincidental meeting between the sprit, eye, and elements in the space.

McDonald: I believe that the artist’s spirit continues to emanate from visual works, such as paintings. It is an animistic understanding that art is a material that harbors the spirit.

Cardinal: That’s exactly right. Our conversation has mostly focused on the “occurrence of words.” Picasso was probably the first artist we didn’t know how to talk about. Nevertheless, it was possible to grasp Picasso through words. The same is true of David Hockney. Both were also able to tell us about their paintings.

But even then, no matter how much we know about the artists and how much they talk about their work themselves, I feel that there is something in Picasso and Hockney’s paintings that is always overlooked. In outsider art, the artists say very little, and we have to start from the beginning. To look at their work also means to find something from what has already been overlooked.

McDonald: I suppose we can call this a “blind spot.” Even with famous artists such as Picasso and Hockney, if you look deep enough into the work, a blind spot is bound to appear. I feel that this points to the fundamental experience of viewing art.

Cardinal: Yes, that’s very nice keyword. A lot of things take place in this “blind spot.” There are hidden characteristics that are not visible on the surface. There is a second and maybe even a third meaning. You must be prepared for a journey to find these things.

McDonald: Lastly, outsider art is once again becoming popular in many parts of the world, including the Museum of Everything⁰⁸ in London. As a result, the prices of artworks have skyrocketed, and the market seems to have become huge. What do you think of this?

Cardinal: In a sense, there is really nothing that can be done to protect outsider art from such external factors. But no matter how things change around it and even if it gets crushed by an overgrown market, it will always revive.

Everything that surrounds us can be damaged in one way or another. When we recognize that everything on earth is equally fragile, nostalgia is felt for what has been lost and what is left. This planet is also destined to be destroyed one day.

McDonald: I am pleased to conclude this conversation on such a cosmic note. Thank you very much.

＊Interviewed on 2017

Keywords

01: Madge Gill: (1882-1961) Madge Gill was born in London, England as an illegitimate child. In conservative society of that time, she was considered a disgrace and had to spend her childhood in seclusion under the surveillance of her grandfather. At the age of nine, she was sent to the Barnardo’s orphanage and five years later moved to Canada as a migrant slave. She returned to London at the age of 18 where she took a job as a nurse and lived with her aunt, who was a medium that taught her spiritualism and astrology. At the age of 25, she married and had three children, but her second child died of the Spanish flu. The following year, she miscarried a baby girl, which left her in critical condition and blind in one eye. After recovering, she began to draw obsessively and left behind hundreds of artworks over the next 40 years. She rarely held exhibitions and is said to have never sold her work out of fear of angering the spirits.

02: The 55th Venice Biennale: The Venice Biennale International Art Exhibition that was held in 2013. Under the theme of “Encyclopedic Palace”, Massimiliano Gioni, the youngest executive director to be appointed, gathered over 150 works from 38 countries and regions. His provocative exhibition that invited many artists who were considered outsiders to show their work on the same stage as contemporary artists generated a strong response. This became a historical exhibition by posing the viewer with the question: “Who is an insider, and who is an outsider?”

03: Henri Michaux: (1899-1984) Henri Michaux was a French poet and painter born in Belgium. Born into a wealthy family, Michaux was influenced by the Comte de Lautréamont and later became seriously involved in literature, eventually moving to Paris in 1924. There he became close with Jean Paulin, a critic who brought up many young artists and was known as the “mastermind behind French literature.” His paintings, which he started to produce around 1937, are considered to be the forerunner of an amorphous style that later became known as “Art Informel” (A style from the mid-1940s to 1950s of intense abstract paintings created by Jean Dubuffet and others against the backdrop of the destruction and carnage caused by the Second World War). Michaux later befriended Dubuffet and they artistically stimulated each other. In 1954 at the age of fifty-five, with a strong recommendation from his benefactor Paulin, Michaux started to take mescaline to create his work. The experience of looking inwards with the help of mescaline was documented in the literary works he wrote over the course of six years including Miserable Miracles (1956) and The Great Test of the Spirit (1966), as well as his emblematic drawings that took the art world by surprise.

04: Salvador Dali: (1904-1989) Salvador Dali from Catalonia, Spain is one of the most recognized artists of Surrealism. Born into a wealthy family, he began painting at the age of six. While a student, he was influenced by Impressionism, Pointillism and Cubism. In 1929, he joined the Surrealist Group – an artistic movement that emerged in Paris, although he was expelled from the group in 1938. With fascist ideals and his invention of the “Paranoiac-critical method” in which images are superimposed on top of each other with realistic drawing techniques, he painted dreamlike surreal worlds.

05: Pablo Picasso: (1881-1973) Pablo Picasso was born in Spain and spent most of his adult life in France. Together with Georges Braque and influenced by sculptures of Africa and Oceania, he founded Cubism at the beginning of the 1900s, which was a style of painting a single object viewed from different angles. He was also known as a painter whose style changed rapidly, leaving behind countless works of art including oil paintings, drawings, prints, illustrations, sculptures and ceramics.

06: Der Blaue Reiter: During the same period that Picasso was establishing Cubism, Wassily Kandinsky started to paint abstract paintings in Munich, Germany. In 1911, at the “Der Blaue Reiter” exhibition with Franz Marc and others, works of children and folk art were exhibited alongside the so-called insider artists. Later, he published an annual art magazine titled Der Blaue Reiter. Der Blaue Reiter became a group without an ideology or an ism, but united by an interest in primitive arts and crafts, and Kandinsky’s ideals based in romanticism, which opposed to the materialistic civilization after the industrial revolution.

07: Henri Cartier-Bresson: (1908-2004) Henri Cartier-Bresson is one of the most recognized photographers of the 20th century. Although he began to take an interest in photography as a boy, by the age of 15, he was an aspiring painter that was influenced by Surrealism. A few years later, he studied under the Cubist sculptor André Roth, but in 1931, his encounter with the Surrealist photographs of Man Ray inspired him to take up photography seriously. After World War II where we served in the French army and spent time as a prisoner, he formed the photographer’s group Magnum Photos in 1947. He continues to have an influence on various artists, with his journalistic photography that was pushed to realm of art, and the many historical moments captured with his 35mm Leica, such as Mahatma Gandhi before and after his assassination, the eve of the Spanish Civil War, and the liberation of Paris. Decisive Moment (1952) is a historical collection of his work from 1932 to 1952 and contains a series of intimate moments where the inner self interacts with events of the outside world.

08: The Museum of Everything: In 2009, James Brett, a collector of outsider art, started a mobile museum project in London called the “The Museum of Everything.” Since then, the project has been touring outsider art exhibitions and events in various countries, and last year opened a small gallery in London. The participation Jarvis Cocker, Brett’s friend and the front man for the British indie band Pulp, and his liking of outsider art brought the project publicity and frequent coverage in the media.

Related people

Roger McDonald

(Profile of Roger McDonald)

Born in 1971. Roger McDonald received a master’s degree in theology and a doctorate in art theory, both from the University of Kent. For his doctoral degree, he researched contemporary art and spirituality. In 2002, he co-founded Arts Initiative Tokyo (AIT) and started the contemporary art school called Making Art Different (MAD), which offers courses on contemporary art. He continues to serve as director of programing. McDonald is also director of the private museum Fenberger House (Saku City, Nagano Prefecture). He conducts research and curate art exhibitions exploring the relationship between art and altered states of consciousness.

(Sites related to Roger McDonald)

http://www.a-i-t.net/en/